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Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April 1941) is a Turkish preacher,〔 former imam,〔Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 26. ISBN 1402098944〕 and writer. He is the founder of the Gülen movement (known as ''Hizmet'' meaning ''service'' in Turkish). He currently lives in self-imposed exile in the United States, residing in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania.〔Williams, Paul L. ("A visit to the Pennsylvania fortress of “The World’s most Dangerous Islamist”" )〕〔http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/may/the-gulen-movement-the-new-islamic-world-order/〕〔http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html〕 Gülen teaches an Anatolian (sort of Hanafi) version of Islam, deriving from Sunni Muslim scholar Said Nursî's teachings. Gülen has stated that he believes in science, interfaith dialogue among the People of the Book, and multi-party democracy. He has initiated such dialogue with the Vatican〔Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 38. ISBN 1402098944〕 and some Jewish organizations. Gülen is actively involved in the societal debate concerning the future of the Turkish state, and Islam in the modern world. He has been described in the English-language media as an imam "who promotes a tolerant Islam which emphasises altruism, hard work and education"〔http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13503361〕 and as "one of the world's most important Muslim figures."〔 ==Biography== Gülen was born in the village of Korucuk, near Erzurum.〔M. Hakan Yavuz, John L. Esposito, ''Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gülen Movement'', p. 20〕 His father, Ramiz Gülen, was an imam.〔 His mother taught the Qur'an in their village despite religious instruction being banned by the Kemalist government.〔Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p. 24. ISBN 1402098944〕 Gülen started primary education at his home village, but did not continue after his family moved. He took part in Islamic education in some Erzurum madrasas〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Gulen-Years of Education )〕 and he gave his first sermon when he was 14. Gülen was influenced by the ideas of Said Nursî and Maulana Jalaluddeen Rumi. Comparing Gülen to followers of the Nursî-inspired Risale-i Nur or "Nur movement," Hakan Yavuz said, "Gülen is more Turkish nationalist in his thinking. Also, he is somewhat more state-oriented, and is more concerned with market economics and neo-liberal economic policies." His pro-business stance has led some outsiders to dub his theology an Islamic version of Calvinism. ''Oxford Analytica'' says: "Gülen put Nursi's ideas into practice when he was transferred to a mosque in Izmir in 1966. Izmir is a city where political Islam never took root. However, the business and professional middle class came to resent the constraints of a state bureaucracy under whose wings it had grown, and supported market-friendly policies, while preserving at least some elements of a conservative lifestyle. Such businessmen were largely pro-Western, because it was Western (mainly U.S.) influence, which had persuaded the government to allow free elections for the first time in 1950 () and U.S. aid, which had primed the pump of economic growth." Gülen retired from formal preaching duties in 1981. From 1988 to 1991 he gave a series of sermons in popular mosques of major cities. In 1994, he participated in the founding of "Journalists and Writers Foundation" and was given the title "Honorary President" by the foundation. He did not make any comment regarding the closures of the Welfare Party in 1998〔()〕 or the Virtue Party in 2001. He has met some politicians like Tansu Çiller and Bülent Ecevit, but he avoids meeting with the leaders of Islamic political parties.〔 In 1999, Gülen emigrated to the United States, claiming the trip for medical treatment,〔 although arguably it was in anticipation of being tried over remarks (aired after his emigration to U.S.) which seemed to favor an Islamic state. In June 1999, after Gülen had left Turkey, videotapes were sent to some Turkish television stations with recordings of Gülen saying, "The existing system is still in power. Our friends who have positions in legislative and administrative bodies should learn its details and be vigilant all the time so that they can transform it and be more fruitful on behalf of Islam in order to carry out a nationwide restoration. However, they should wait until the conditions become more favorable. In other words, they should not come out too early." Gülen complained that the remarks were taken out of context, and his supporters raised questions about the authenticity of the tape,〔Dogan Koc, ''Strategic Defamation of Fethullah Gülen: English Vs. Turkish'', p. 24. ISBN 0761859306〕 which he accused of having been "manipulated". Gülen was tried ''in absentia'' in 2000, and acquitted in 2008 under the new Justice and Development Party (AKP) government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.〔〔()〕 Gülen procured a green card in 2001.〔 On 19 December 2014 a Turkish court has issued an arrest warrant for Gülen after over 20 journalists working for media outlets thought to be sympathetic to the Gulen movement were arrested. Gülen was accused of establishing and running an "armed terrorist group". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fethullah Gülen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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